Explain how dependency injection works in the Spring Framework.

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Dependency Injection (DI) in the Spring Framework is a design pattern used to achieve loose coupling between objects. Instead of creating dependencies within a class, Spring injects them from the outside, improving modularity, testability, and maintainability.

How It Works:

In Spring, objects are managed by the Spring IoC (Inversion of Control) container. You define beans (objects) and their dependencies in configuration (XML, annotations, or Java-based), and the container injects those dependencies at runtime.

Types of Dependency Injection in Spring:

  1. Constructor Injection: Dependencies are provided through the class constructor.

  2. Setter Injection: Dependencies are set via public setter methods.

  3. Field Injection (not recommended for unit testing): Dependencies are injected directly into fields.

Annotations Used:

  • @Component, @Service, @Repository: Marks a class as a Spring-managed bean.

  • @Autowired: Marks a dependency to be injected by Spring.

  • @Qualifier: Used when multiple beans of the same type exist to specify which one to inject.

In summary, Spring's DI promotes clean, decoupled architecture by letting the container handle object creation and dependency resolution, enhancing flexibility and testability.

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