What is the typical architecture of a full stack Java application?

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A typical full stack Java application follows a layered architecture that separates concerns and promotes maintainability. It generally consists of the following layers:

1. Presentation Layer (Frontend):

   • Built with HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and frameworks like React, Angular, or Vue.js.

   • Communicates with the backend via RESTful APIs or GraphQL.

   • Often served by the backend server or separately as a single-page application (SPA).

2. Controller Layer (Web Layer):

   • Managed by Spring MVC or Jakarta EE (formerly Java EE) controllers.

   • Handles HTTP requests, maps them to business logic, and returns responses (JSON, HTML, etc.).

   • Acts as a bridge between frontend and backend logic.

3. Service Layer (Business Logic):

   • Contains core application logic.

   • Encapsulates business rules and processes.

   • Promotes separation of concerns by isolating logic from controllers and data access.

4. Persistence Layer (Data Access):

   • Uses JPA (Java Persistence API) with implementations like Hibernate to interact with databases.

   • Defines Repositories or DAOs (Data Access Objects) to perform CRUD operations.

5. Database Layer:

   • Typically includes relational databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, or Oracle.

   • May use NoSQL databases (MongoDB, Redis) in more complex architectures.

6. Security and Configuration:

   • Handled by tools like Spring Security for authentication/authorization.

   • Configurations are managed using application. properties or YAML files.

7. DevOps Layer (Optional):

   • Uses Docker, Jenkins, or Kubernetes for deployment and automation.

This layered approach ensures scalability, testability, and clean separation of responsibilities.

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