How do you handle asynchronous operations in Java (e.g., using CompletableFuture or WebFlux)?

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In Java, asynchronous operations allow tasks to run in the background without blocking the main thread. Two common approaches are using CompletableFuture (imperative style) and WebFlux (reactive programming).

1. Using CompletableFuture (Java 8+)

CompletableFuture is part of java.util.concurrent and enables non-blocking, asynchronous computation.

  • supplyAsync() runs a task asynchronously.

  • thenApply() transforms the result.

  • thenAccept() consumes the final result.

You can also combine multiple futures, handle exceptions with exceptionally(), and chain complex flows.

2. Using WebFlux (Spring 5+)

WebFlux is part of the Spring Framework for building reactive, non-blocking web applications using Project Reactor (Mono, Flux).

  • Mono is used for 0–1 values; Flux for streams.

  • subscribeOn() controls threading.

  • Enables high concurrency with low resource usage.

Summary

Use CompletableFuture for simpler async tasks and WebFlux when building scalable, event-driven applications. Both help improve performance by freeing up threads for more work.

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