What build tools are commonly used in Java projects and how do they differ (Maven vs Gradle)?

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In Java projects, the most commonly used build tools are Maven and Gradle. Both automate tasks like compiling code, managing dependencies, running tests, and packaging applications, but they differ in approach, flexibility, and performance.

1. Maven:

• XML-based configuration: Uses a pom.xml file with a fixed project structure and declarative setup.

• Convention over configuration: Standardizes project layouts and lifecycle phases (compile, test, package).

• Dependency management: Uses a central repository system, making it easy to handle libraries.

• Simplicity & stability: Ideal for large teams or projects that favor convention and consistency over customization.

2. Gradle:

• Groovy or Kotlin DSL: Uses a more concise and flexible syntax in build.gradle (Groovy) or build.gradle.kts (Kotlin).

• Performance: Features incremental builds and build caching, often resulting in faster build times than Maven.

• Highly customizable: Offers extensive plugin support and custom task definitions, making it ideal for complex projects.

• Modern tooling: Preferred for Android development and increasingly adopted in large Java projects.

Comparison Summary:

• Ease of use: Maven is simpler to start with due to its conventions.

• Flexibility: Gradle allows deeper customization and scripting.

• Performance: Gradle generally offers better performance with large builds.

• Popularity: Maven is still widely used, especially in legacy and enterprise systems, while Gradle is popular in modern development, including Android.

Choosing between them depends on your project needs—Maven for stability and convention, Gradle for flexibility and speed.

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