How do you secure sensitive configuration like database credentials in a Spring Boot application?

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To secure sensitive configuration like database credentials in a Spring Boot application, follow these best practices:

1. Environment Variables: Store credentials as environment variables and reference them in application.properties or application.yml using ${VAR_NAME}. This avoids hardcoding sensitive data.

2. Spring Cloud Config Server: Use Spring Cloud Config to manage configuration externally. Combine it with a secure backend like Git or Vault and encrypt sensitive values using symmetric or asymmetric keys.

3. Spring Cloud Vault: Integrate with HashiCorp Vault to fetch secrets securely at runtime. Spring Boot provides native support via spring-cloud-starter-vault-config.

4. Encrypted Properties: Use tools like Jasypt to encrypt values in properties files. Decryption keys can be passed securely through environment variables.

5. Kubernetes Secrets or Docker Secrets: In containerized deployments, use orchestration tools to inject secrets securely into the app.

6. Access Controls: Restrict access to configuration files and environment variables at OS and deployment levels. Ensure only necessary services/users can read secrets.

7. Audit & Monitoring: Enable logging, monitoring, and audit trails for configuration access and changes.

8. Secure Source Control: Never commit credentials to version control. Use .gitignore and secret scanning tools to avoid leaks.

By externalizing and encrypting sensitive configuration, and managing access securely, Spring Boot apps can protect critical data like database credentials.

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