How does Java handle memory management and garbage collection?

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Java handles memory management through automatic allocation and deallocation of memory, primarily managed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The JVM divides memory into several regions, with the most important being the Heap, where objects are stored, and the Stack, which holds method calls and local variables.

Java uses Garbage Collection (GC) to automatically reclaim memory used by objects no longer referenced in the application. This reduces the risk of memory leaks and eliminates the need for manual memory management.

The heap is divided into:

• Young Generation: Where new objects are created. It includes the Eden and Survivor spaces. Minor garbage collections occur here frequently.

• Old Generation (Tenured): Where long-lived objects are moved. Major GCs clean this area.

• Metaspace: Stores class metadata.

Garbage collection algorithms like Mark and Sweep, Generational GC, G1 (Garbage First), and ZGC are used based on application needs and JVM configuration.

GC works in three phases:

1. Mark: Identifies reachable (live) objects.

2. Sweep: Clears memory used by unreferenced objects.

3. Compact: Optional phase that reduces memory fragmentation by relocating objects.

Java’s GC is automatic but tunable via JVM options (e.g., -Xms, -Xmx, -XX:+UseG1GC). Developers can also encourage GC using System.gc(), though it’s not guaranteed to run immediately.

In summary, Java abstracts memory management from developers through an efficient, automatic garbage collection system, improving application stability and developer productivity.

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