What are functional interfaces and lambda expressions?

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Functional interfaces and lambda expressions are core concepts in Java introduced with Java 8 to support functional programming.

Functional Interfaces:

A functional interface is an interface with exactly one abstract method. It can have multiple default or static methods, but only one must be abstract. These interfaces provide the target types for lambda expressions. Common built-in functional interfaces include:

  • Runnable (no arguments, no return)

  • Comparator<T> (compares two objects)

  • Function<T, R> (takes input T, returns R)

  • Predicate<T> (returns boolean for a given input)

  • Consumer<T> (performs action on T)

A functional interface can be annotated with @FunctionalInterface to enforce this structure.

Lambda Expressions:

A lambda expression is a concise way to represent an instance of a functional interface. It allows you to write inline implementations without anonymous classes. Syntax:

Here, the lambda (a, b) -> a.compareToIgnoreCase(b) implements the single method of the Comparator interface.

Benefits:

  • Reduces boilerplate code.

  • Makes code more readable and concise.

  • Enables functional programming paradigms like map, filter, and reduce in Java Streams.

Together, functional interfaces and lambda expressions enable cleaner, more expressive code in Java, especially when working with collections and asynchronous tasks.

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